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<H1><A NAME="SECTION0012900000000000000000"></A><A NAME="supporting-cycle-detection"></A>
<BR>
10.9 Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
</H1>
<P>
Python's support for detecting and collecting garbage which involves
circular references requires support from object types which are
``containers'' for other objects which may also be containers. Types
which do not store references to other objects, or which only store
references to atomic types (such as numbers or strings), do not need
to provide any explicit support for garbage collection.
<P>
An example showing the use of these interfaces can be found in
``<a class="ulink" href="../ext/example-cycle-support.html"
>Supporting the Cycle
Collector</a>'' in
<em class="citetitle"><a
href="../ext/ext.html"
title="Extending and Embedding the Python
Interpreter"
>Extending and Embedding the Python
Interpreter</a></em>.
<P>
To create a container type, the <tt class="member">tp_flags</tt> field of the type
object must include the <tt class="constant">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</tt> and provide an
implementation of the <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handler. If instances of the
type are mutable, a <tt class="member">tp_clear</tt> implementation must also be
provided.
<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt id='l2h-1014' xml:id='l2h-1014'>Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Objects with a type with this flag set must conform with the rules
documented here. For convenience these objects will be referred to
as container objects.
</dd></dl>
<P>
Constructors for container types must conform to two rules:
<P>
<OL>
<LI>The memory for the object must be allocated using
<tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_New()</tt> or <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_VarNew()</tt>.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>Once all the fields which may contain references to other
containers are initialized, it must call
<tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Track()</tt>.
</LI>
</OL>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr><var>TYPE</var>* <b><tt id='l2h-1015' xml:id='l2h-1015' class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_New</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>TYPE, PyTypeObject *<var>type</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Analogous to <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_New()</tt> but for container objects with
the <tt class="constant">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</tt> flag set.
</dd></dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr><var>TYPE</var>* <b><tt id='l2h-1016' xml:id='l2h-1016' class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_NewVar</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>TYPE, PyTypeObject *<var>type</var>,
int <var>size</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Analogous to <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_NewVar()</tt> but for container objects
with the <tt class="constant">Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC</tt> flag set.
</dd></dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>PyVarObject * <b><tt id='l2h-1017' xml:id='l2h-1017' class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Resize</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyVarObject *<var>op</var>, <var>int</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Resize an object allocated by <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_NewVar()</tt>. Returns
the resized object or <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> on failure.
</dd></dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-1018' xml:id='l2h-1018' class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Track</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Adds the object <var>op</var> to the set of container objects tracked by
the collector. The collector can run at unexpected times so objects
must be valid while being tracked. This should be called once all
the fields followed by the <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handler become valid,
usually near the end of the constructor.
</dd></dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-1019' xml:id='l2h-1019' class="cfunction">_PyObject_GC_TRACK</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
A macro version of <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Track()</tt>. It should not be
used for extension modules.
</dd></dl>
<P>
Similarly, the deallocator for the object must conform to a similar
pair of rules:
<P>
<OL>
<LI>Before fields which refer to other containers are invalidated,
<tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</tt> must be called.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>The object's memory must be deallocated using
<tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Del()</tt>.
</LI>
</OL>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-1020' xml:id='l2h-1020' class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Del</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Releases memory allocated to an object using
<tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_New()</tt> or <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_NewVar()</tt>.
</dd></dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-1021' xml:id='l2h-1021' class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_UnTrack</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Remove the object <var>op</var> from the set of container objects tracked
by the collector. Note that <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_Track()</tt> can be
called again on this object to add it back to the set of tracked
objects. The deallocator (<tt class="member">tp_dealloc</tt> handler) should call
this for the object before any of the fields used by the
<tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handler become invalid.
</dd></dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-1022' xml:id='l2h-1022' class="cfunction">_PyObject_GC_UNTRACK</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>op</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
A macro version of <tt class="cfunction">PyObject_GC_UnTrack()</tt>. It should not be
used for extension modules.
</dd></dl>
<P>
The <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handler accepts a function parameter of this
type:
<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt class="ctype"><a id='l2h-1023' xml:id='l2h-1023'>int (*visitproc)(PyObject *object, void *arg)</a></tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Type of the visitor function passed to the <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt>
handler. The function should be called with an object to traverse
as <var>object</var> and the third parameter to the <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt>
handler as <var>arg</var>. The Python core uses several visitor functions
to implement cyclic garbage detection; it's not expected that users will
need to write their own visitor functions.
</dl>
<P>
The <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handler must have the following type:
<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt class="ctype"><a id='l2h-1024' xml:id='l2h-1024'>int (*traverseproc)(PyObject *self,
visitproc visit, void *arg)</a></tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Traversal function for a container object. Implementations must
call the <var>visit</var> function for each object directly contained by
<var>self</var>, with the parameters to <var>visit</var> being the contained
object and the <var>arg</var> value passed to the handler. The <var>visit</var>
function must not be called with a <tt class="constant">NULL</tt> object argument. If
<var>visit</var> returns a non-zero value
that value should be returned immediately.
</dl>
<P>
To simplify writing <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handlers, a
<tt class="cfunction">Py_VISIT()</tt> macro is provided. In order to use this macro,
the <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> implementation must name its arguments
exactly <var>visit</var> and <var>arg</var>:
<P>
<dl><dt><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr valign="baseline"><td><nobr>void <b><tt id='l2h-1025' xml:id='l2h-1025' class="cfunction">Py_VISIT</tt></b>(</nobr></td><td>PyObject *<var>o</var>)</td></tr></table></dt>
<dd>
Call the <var>visit</var> callback, with arguments <var>o</var> and <var>arg</var>.
If <var>visit</var> returns a non-zero value, then return it. Using this
macro, <tt class="member">tp_traverse</tt> handlers look like:
<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
static int
my_traverse(Noddy *self, visitproc visit, void *arg)
{
Py_VISIT(self->foo);
Py_VISIT(self->bar);
return 0;
}
</pre></div>
<P>
<span class="versionnote">New in version 2.4.</span>
</dd></dl>
<P>
The <tt class="member">tp_clear</tt> handler must be of the <tt class="ctype">inquiry</tt> type, or
<tt class="constant">NULL</tt> if the object is immutable.
<P>
<dl><dt><b><tt class="ctype"><a id='l2h-1026' xml:id='l2h-1026'>int (*inquiry)(PyObject *self)</a></tt></b></dt>
<dd>
Drop references that may have created reference cycles. Immutable
objects do not have to define this method since they can never
directly create reference cycles. Note that the object must still
be valid after calling this method (don't just call
<tt class="cfunction">Py_DECREF()</tt> on a reference). The collector will call
this method if it detects that this object is involved in a
reference cycle.
</dl>
<P>
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